Before the advancements that became bio-hygienics, the bio-oxidation process had space and time constraints. Early systems used free-cell technology, which was slow, prohibited indoor application, and caused residual disposal concerns. Recent developments in immobilized cell technology have advanced the bio-oxidation process. Combined with the design of the BioStack© Cartridge Element on our bio-systems, immobilization technology is the breakthrough that brings the power of enzymes and micro-organisms to the small user.

Immobilized biofilms are a subset of immobilization technology. Immobilized cells are far superior to free cells for the following reasons:

• they are arranged back-to-back, and not exposed to attacks
  by chemicals or microbes,
• they form a protective gel layer which makes them further
  resistant to highly toxic compounds,
• they do not settle to the bottom of the reservoir like free
  cells; they remain in the biofilm,
• they may be used to clean either air or water,
• they do not wash out at high liquid flow rates when used to
  clean water, and
• the biofilm, is re-usable: water or air may be recycled over
  the same biofilm thousands of times-a breakthrough increase in productivity.